Oil pollution and international marine environmental law intechopen. Convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter londondumping convention, 1972. As a result, oil spills pose a serious threat to the ecology of the worlds oceans. International convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, as amended in 1962 and 1969 convention on fishing and conservation of the living resources of the high seas international convention for the safety of life at sea african convention. Discharge of certain oils into prohibited sea areas. Since 1954 a number of global agreements dealing with marine pollution have been adopted. International convention for the prevention of pollution. International convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil oilpol, 1954. Pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, with its 1962 amendments.
Oil pollution and international marine environmental law 31 in the international law in the course of time a comprehensive regulatory regime on prevention of marine oil pollution particularly oil spills was developed. Convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil 1954 oilpol 1954 2, the process of development of legislation for oil pollution damage was rather slow in comparison with the growth of maritime transportation and increase in sizes of oil tankers, and subsequently threat to. Nonetheless, pollution control was at the time still a minor concern for. Contains the text of the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, and the annexes thereto, as amended by the international conference on the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1962, together with the resolutions adopted by that conference. An act to implement the terms of the international.
This convention has been superseded,with effect from 2 october 1983, by the protocol of 1978 relating to 2. In order to address this harmful situation the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, oilpol was amended in 1962, the wreck of the torrey canyon in 1967 sparked controversy and resulted in a series of. Recognizing also the importance of the in ternational convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, as being the first. The international convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage, 1969, renewed in 1992 and often referred to as the clc convention, is an international maritime treaty admistered by the international maritime organization that was adopted to ensure that adequate compensation would be available where oil pollution damage was caused by maritime casualties involving oil tankers i. The international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil oilpol was an international treaty signed in london on 12 may 1954 oilpol. C international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973.
Desiring to take action by common agreement to prevent pollution of the sea by oil discharged from ships, and considering that this end may best be. Early recognition of the international nature of the problem is evidenced. Following entry into force of the imo convention in 1958, the depository and secretariat functions in relation to the convention were transferred from the united kingdom government to imo. Recognizing also the importance of the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, as being. Camphuysen, a status report royal netherlands institute for sea research. However the enormous growth in the maritime transport of oil and the size of the tankers, together with incidents involving pollution of the environment see section 7 below, made many countries consider that the 1954 oil pollution convention was no longer. The conference adopting the convention was organised by the united kingdom government, and the convention provided for certain functions to be undertaken by imo when it. A guide to the international oil pollution compensation regimes. The international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil 1954 and its amendments 1962 are discussed.
An act to implement the terms of the international convention for the preventionof pollution of the sea by oil 1954 to 1962 and to make provisions for such prevention in the navigable waters of nigeria. Pollution of the sea by oil 1954 oilpol 1954 was the first international convention designed exclusively to deal with ship source oil pollution. The potential for oil to pollute the marine environment was recognised by the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954 oilpol 1954. The amount of oil spilled annually worldwide has been estimated at more than 4. International convention for the prevention of pollution of. International convention on oil pollution preparedness. Acknowledgments francis wiese canada and david fleet germany. Amendments to the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil of 12 may 1954 london, 11 april 1962 the following are the amendments to the above. The international convention entered into force for the united kingdom on 21.
The saudi arabian government accepts the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil dated 12th may, 1954, with the reservation of. International convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954 the original text of the convention, which was done by the international conference on pollution of the sea by oil in london on 12 may 1954, entered into force on 26 july 1958. In contrast to the limited publication policy when the full text of an agreement may not be reproduced in the unts in its entirety, the objective of applying the partial publication method to a particular situation is to speed up the publishing effort by e. Tanker owners voluntary agreement concerning liability for oil pollution, january 7, 1969, international. International convention on civil liability for bunker oil. The role and challenge of international oil pollution. Pollution of the sea by oil, 1954 the original text of the convention. Document type multilateral field of application global date may 12, 1954 source iucn id. These include the landmark international convention for the prevention of pollution from shi p s of 1973, as modified by a 1978 protocol marpol, and the 1954 international convention for the.
It was last amended by the public law listed in the as amended through note above. It was updated in 1962 oilpol 62, 1969 oilpol 69, and 1971 oilpol 71. The 1954 oil pollution convention for which imco became depositary in 1959 was the first major attempt by the maritime nations to curb the impact of oil pollution, but since then the problem has become even more serious today the amount of oil carried by sea. Registered by the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland on march 1959. As of november 2018, there are 112 state parties to the convention. Act 235 thr two hundred and tyf act of the parliament of twe republic of ghana the qil in navigable waters act, 1964 an act to enable effect to be given the international convention for the prevention of poliution of tire sea by oil, 1954, and otherwise to make new provision for preventing the pollution of the sea and of navigable waters by oil. International convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil oilpol, 1954 1981 edition. The 1954 convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, as amended in 1969, prohibits the discharge of oil as defined from tankers within 50 miles of land, and also beyond 50 miles unless the ship is proceeding en route and the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 60 litres per mile. Annex i entered into force on 2 october 1983 and, as between the parties to marpol 7378, supersedes the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, as amended in 1962 and 1969, which was then in force. International convention with annexes for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954. International convention on civil liability for oil.
The biggest contributor to oil pollution in the worlds oceans some 45% is operational discharges from tankers i. The first international convention on oil pollution was adopted in 1926 by the. Organisation means the international maritime organisation. Oil pollution and international marine environmental law. International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships. An account is given of the loadontop procedure, which is designed to prevent oil pollution of the sea by tankers and which is currently practised by about threequarters of the worlds tanker fleet.
For states parties to the protocol of 1976 to that convention, the term. International convention on civil liability for bunker oil pollution. International convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, as amended. A guide to the international oil pollution compensation regime. International convention on oil pollution preparedness, response and cooperation oprc is an international maritime convention establishing measures for dealing with marine oil pollution incidents nationally and in cooperation with other countries. B amendments to the 1954 62 convention adopted in 1969 and 1971. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives.
The international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil oilpol was an international treaty signed in london on 12 may 1954 oilpol 54. The existing text of article vii is replaced by the following. The existing text of article i of the convention is replaced by the following. The convention was modified by amendments adopted by the international. The international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954. Marpol international convention for the prevention of. International conference on pollution of the sea by oil in london on 12 may 1954, entered into force. International convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, as amended in 1962 and 1969. Liability and compensation regime for oil pollution damage. Amendments to the international convention for the. This publication is a compilation of the text of public law 1080. The prevention of oil pollution convention countries. Although the 1954 oilpol convention went some way in dealing with oil pollution, growth in oil trade and developments in industrial practices were beginning to make it clear that further action, was required. The african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources was concluded in 1968.
Special attention was paid to the regulation of marine oil. Oil pollution act of 1990 public law 1080 as amended through p. Marpol international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships amended by resolution mepc. The marine environment, marine living resources and marine. The original text of the convention, which was done by the.
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